Psikhologicheskii zhurnal

The article examines a special type of psychological knowledge – philosophical-psychological one, which historically arose on the basis of the separation of psychology from philosophy, and currently uses philosophical categories and methods in solving fundamental methodological problems of psychology. A historical and methodological analysis of philosophical and psychological knowledge is carried out at various stages of its development in Russia from the second half of the 19th to the beginning of the 21st century. For the analysis, concepts from the field of philosophy of science are used – the typology of scientific rationality by V.S. Stepin and the typology of intra-scientific reflection by E.G. Yudin. Conclusions are made about the conceptual and methodological characteristics of philosophical and psychological knowledge, as well as its continuity in different historical periods.

The article reveals the nature of the influence of the special military operation of Russian troops in Ukraine on the socio-psychological processes in Russian society. On the one hand, an unprecedented consolidation of the core of society is noted, on the other hand, phenomena of social disintegration on its periphery are recorded. It is shown that the status-role structure, relationships, and emotional atmosphere in the families of veterans can be subject to changes. Groups of veterans are distinguished according to the peculiarities of their experience of the psychological consequences of participation in hostilities. The need for socio-psychological reintegration of Russian society at the levels of the entire society, families of veterans of hostilities, and the veterans themselves is substantiated. The need for a comprehensive reintegration of society is substantiated, including socio-psychological readaptation of veterans and their family members, resocialization of veterans and their social environment, psychological rehabilitation of persons subjected to combat and/or psychological trauma.

The study established the psychological characteristics of the attitude of social network users towards the USSR. It was found that, when speaking about the USSR, users most often discuss the reasons for its collapse (economic, political, social), the distribution of state debt obligations, the legal successors of material resources, and relations between its former republics. Criticism of the economic system of the USSR is shown, which users associate with both modern economic achievements of Russia (nuclear, space and military industries) and with acute problems (the absence of its own technological, industrial and production sites in certain areas). A high assessment of the achievements of Soviet science and art is also presented, with cinema and cartoons being particularly emotionally assessed. Additional provisions include unanimity in the negative assessment of the state’s attitude to religion and the filling of Soviet textbooks with ideological dogmas. This nature of the “legacy” causes a contradictory attitude towards the USSR, which is primarily due to the political system and economy that suppressed the private property interests of the population. From a psychological point of view, the main positions of the state structure – the system of governance, quality of life, economy, ideology, reasons for the collapse, etc. – are assessed extremely emotionally and differently; such discussions often turn into debates, and sometimes opinions are expressed that directly contradict each other. If we talk specifically about the “almost unanimous assessment” of that period, then four leading positions stand out: the USSR as a state ceased to exist at the end of 1991; Russia is the sole legal successor of the USSR in terms of international debts and nuclear weapons; the USSR, along with the USA, was one of the two world superpowers that influenced the development of international relations and processes; the USSR actively participated in military conflicts and possessed significant military power. In general, the attitude towards the USSR can be defined as moderately negative.

The article is devoted to studying the role of emotional components in regulating decision-making based on verbal tasks that model the conditions of moral choice. The following research objectives were set: 1) identification of the relationships between empathy and emotional intelligence and levels of moral development; 2) determination of the role of appealing to the emotional component through the characteristics of the character in the situation (“good – evil”) on choice preferences in moral dilemmas. Hypotheses were proposed about the positive relationship between empathy and emotional intelligence (EI) indicators with the transition to the stage of autonomous morality, as well as about the influence of a given character characteristic on the preference for alternatives corresponding to the stages of autonomous morality. The study involved 202 university students (37 men, 165 women) aged 18–35 (Med = 21.5, SD = 5.6). Psychodiagnostic methods were used: the Cognitive and Affective Empathy Questionnaire, the EmInt (Emotional Intelligence) test, and the Fairness–Care Questionnaire. 102 people from the sample (12 men, 90 women, Med = 20.8, SD = 3.8) took part in the verbal tasks. Six tasks were developed as moral dilemmas and involved choosing from alternatives corresponding to different stages of moral development; in two series, they differed in the character factor – “good and evil”. It was found that the indication of an “evil” character statistically significantly increased the frequency of choosing alternatives corresponding to the preconventional stage of moral development (hedonistic orientation or punishment/reward orientation). In tasks with a “good” character, the preference for choice corresponded to higher stages of autonomous morality. Significant differences in the choice of alternatives depending on the characteristics of the characters in moral dilemmas and a positive relationship between behavior choice and empathy and emotional intelligence were established.

The problem of individual variations in the wide-organism organisation of experience is one of the pressing issues in a number of areas of psychology, particularly psychophysiology. The aim of the study was to assess the severity of VIA-24 indicators in individuals with different body composition ratios. Hypotheses about the possibility of dividing the study participants into groups based on different ratios of body composition indicators and VIA-24 patterns were tested. The study participants (N = 145; aged 18 to 35, Med = 19 years) completed the Values in Action (VIA-24) test, after which a multi-frequency impedance measurement was performed. Using a Two-Step Cluster, three groups of study participants were identified, differing in the ratio of body composition indicators: “predominantly adipose tissue”, “predominantly muscle tissue”, and “mixed group”. When assessing the distribution of VIA-24 values in these groups, it was found that they had different VIA-24 personality patterns, indicating different ways of achieving psychological well-being. The results obtained are considered based on the idea that the description of body composition and psychological traits characterise the organisation of individuals’ experiences, represented by orgism-wide functional systems, including cells of various morphological affiliations.

The article demonstrates the possibility of applying such artificial intelligence systems as Large Language Models to the qualitative analysis of verbal forecasts. The purpose of the psychological study was to consider the participants’ forecasts in the broad context of classifications of anticipated events in relation to the individually imagined future. The experimental design included forecasting in free statements by participants (n = 149) of “possible, improbable, impossible” events. The sample was represented by Chinese participants who gave online free descriptions of such events. According to the three conditions, 447 verbal forecasts were obtained. Their analysis using the o1-preview meta-model of advanced reasoning presented in our first article revealed several significant differences in the frequencies of forecasts for the three conditions when categorizing statements predicting the future in the context of possible, impossible and unlikely events. Eleven dimensions – criteria for classifying predicted events – showed significant differences, including impossible/surreal events, realistic expectations, fantastic scenarios, creative thinking, factual thinking, everyday routine, science fiction elements, dystopian elements, supernatural events, cultural influences, and inductive reasoning.The obtained results are important for the development of hybrid research methodologies involving humans and AI and a broader understanding of artificial cognitive systems as tools for expanding human analytical capabilities.

The authors continue the historical-psychological study of an important event for Soviet scientists (and psychologists), which left a long and deep mark – the joint scientific session of the USSR Academy of Sciences and the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, dedicated to the problems of the physiological teaching of Academician I.P. Pavlov (June 28 – July 4, 1950), which in 2025 will celebrate its 75th anniversary. Based on the published verbatim report, the authors have already written about what happened at the session, what the leading psychologists of the country reported on, and how psychologists tried to understand the results of the “Pavlovian” session. This article focuses on the “related” in time consequences in psychology, i.e. immediately after the session and before 1955, when the 3rd All-Russian Conference on Psychology was being prepared. The authors showed the dynamics of the discussion on the issues of the relationship between the physiology of higher nervous activity and psychology, who was the spokesman for the general line of the party in psychology, what main issues of science were emphasized. This study is not finished, it has quite clear prospects, noted by the Conference on philosophical issues of the physiology of higher nervous activity and psychology in 1962.

Nina Aleksandrovna Tikh (1905–1983), an evolutionary, comparative psychologist, occupies a special place in the history of the Petersburg school. Her classical studies are inscribed in the history of the Petersburg school, the founder of which was Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev. Designing and implementing complex studies of man, V.M. Bekhterev, and after him B.G. Ananiev, fundamentally included comparative, evolutionary psychology in their research programs. The principle of development is unshakable in the Petersburg psychological school. Accordingly, here they study man in ontogenesis and on the social lifepath, phylogenesis and in connection with the history of society. In the Petersburg school, comparative psychology was presented in research, in the pedagogical process and in institutions. N.A. Tikh studied the problem of the origin of man and consciousness for many years, conducted comparative studies on infants and young monkeys development, she studied the herd life of primates as the prehistory of human society. The works of N.A. Tikh are a significant contribution not only to domestic, but also to world comparative, evolutionary psychology. This important fundamental scientific discipline is currently preserved in the St. Petersburg psychological school only as an academic subject. The name of N.A. Tikh is little known to the modern reader. The purpose of the article is to briefly describe and evaluate the research and achievements of N.A. Tikh in the field of evolutionary, comparative psychology, zoo psychology, anthropology in the context of the St. Petersburg psychological school history and its future.

The article is a response to the discussion devoted to the problem of studying tradition as a mechanism for the continuity of psychological knowledge proposed in the publication by Yu. N. Oleinik and A.L. Zhuravlev. The dominant axis of “content-functioning” is noted in the authors’ consideration of tradition. This material focuses on the need to include the axis of “origin-expediency” in the scientific consideration of tradition as a historical or psychological-historical plan. The significance and timeliness of the raised problem are noted, especially for the sphere of professional education.

The article discusses the collective monograph “Scientific approaches in modern Russian psychology” (2023). The relevance and demand for such publication is substantiated based on the Russian Science Citation Index almetrics. It is proposed to consider the scientific approach as a methodological unit of analysis of the history and state of psychological knowledge and to supplement its characteristic with an indication of the subject focus or orientation. A wish is expressed for further development of theoretical-methodological and historical-scientific developments to identify the conceptual core that unites some of the approaches presented in the monograph, based on the network approach or identifying their correlation with Russian scientific traditions. The practical significance of the discussed monograph is indicated in its reliance on it in the training of professional psychologists and improving their methodological preparedness.

Монография представляет собой своеобразную попытку проанализировать достижения психоаналитического подхода в изучении проблем власти. Книга наглядно демонстрирует, что рационализм и научно-технический прогресс не обязательно приводят к социальному прогрессу в организации общественных отношений в интересах всестороннего благополучия и развития человека, поскольку социальное взаимодействие в значительной мере определяется укорененными в психике бессознательными влечениями и вытесненными в бессознательное психотравматическими событиями, пережитыми человечеством в филогенезе и человеком в онтогенезе. Более того, анализ произведений ряда ученых, обращавшихся к вопросам бессознательного при исследовании проблем общества и власти, показывает, что идеологические ориентиры западного общества, подобные теории общественного договора (Т. Гоббс, Дж. Локк, Ж.Ж. Руссо и др.), в настоящий момент утрачивают свою актуальность в связи с потерей в “массовом обществе” не только субъектности, но и индивидуальности у большинства тех, кто мог бы договариваться. В.Н. Жуков показывает, как концепции общества и власти адаптируются под изменяющиеся социальные реалии, но неизменным в них остается влияние бессознательных влечений и механизмов на социальное поведение, на стремление к власти и стремление подчиниться ей. Логика монографии выстроена как переход от общих исторических аспектов развития идей психоанализа, от базовых положений З. Фрейда к прикладным концепциям власти середины ХХ в. Рассматривая идеи различных авторов о сущности человека, культуре, религии, агрессии, психологии масс, автор переходит к применению этих положений к прикладным вопросам власти в древних сообществах и современных условиях. В книге прослеживается эволюция идей о бессознательных механизмах власти (З. Фрейд, К.Г. Юнг, В. Райх, Э. Фромм, Г. Маркузе, С. Московичи). Важнейшими для понимания содержания психоаналитических представлений о связи бессознательного и власти являются, на наш взгляд, положения, содержащиеся в главе 3 “Культура”, которые связывают классический психоанализ и социологию. В ней автор анализирует гипотезы З. Фрейда о переходе абсолютной власти первобытных праотцов, основанной на насилии и страхе, к сообществу братьев после убийства праотца и соответствующем переходе к тотемизму со сводом правил и запретов, а затем и к религии, в которых представлена фигура праотца, память о его убийстве и вина за это, компенсируемая или смягчаемая тем или иным образом. Подчеркнуты параллели, проведенные З. Фрейдом в этом плане между онтогенетическим и филогенетическим развитием. Представлена важная для регулирования отношений человека с властью гипотеза З. Фрейда о механизме замене удовольствия, получаемого от реализации влечения, на его суррогат, связанный с реализацией установок, зафиксированных в “сверх Я”, особенно если это связано с преодолением трудностей и соблазнов. Происхождение этого механизма объясняется закрепленным в детстве опытом получения похвалы за соблюдение предписаний и прежде всего запретов, полученных от значимых взрослых.